Physics Division

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Introduction

Reference Material

Policy and Requirements

Methods of Compliance

Operational Requirements

Appendices

1.

Properties of Liquids

2.

Relief Valve Sizing

2a.

Convective Heat Transfer

2b.

Relief Vent Pressure Drops

3.

Oxygen Deficiency Hazards

2.      REFERENCE MATERIAL

2.1    Regulatory References

1.      DOE 6430.1A - General Design Criteria - This Order covers specific requirements for cryogenic systems.

2.      DOE 5481.1B - Safety Analysis and Review System - Makes no specific mention of cryogenic systems, but this Order is mandatory for application to cryogenic systems under the provisions of DOE Order 6430.1A, where, in paragraph 1574-5, the following statement appears:  �All cryogenic systems shall be subjected to a safety review in accordance with DOE 5481.1B�.

3.      DOE 5700.6C - Quality Assurance - Makes no specific mention of cryogenic systems, but the DOE Order on Quality Assurance is mandatory for application to cryogenic systems under the provisions of DOE Order 6430.1A, 1574-4.1.

4.      CGA Pamphlet P-1 - Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers, Compressed Gas Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia.  The applicable portions of these regulations are mandatory for liquid helium and nitrogen under paragraph 1574-3.1 of DOE Order 6430.1A.  Written, unquestionably, in support of the transportation industry, but contains information of general applicability and within the scope of ATLAS operations.  Paragraph 1574-3.1 is clearly not intended to address transportation issues, implying that this CGA pamphlet is to be applied in the DOE setting irrespective of the role, if any, played by transportation in the operations under consideration.

5.      CGA Pamphlet S-1.1 - Pressure Relief Device Standards Part 1 - Cylinders for Compressed Gases, Compressed Gas Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia.  Mandatory under paragraph 1574-2.9 of DOE Order 6430.1A.  Applies to storage vessels of circular cross section designed for pressures higher than 40 psia and having a capacity of 454 kg water or less.  Applies to liquid helium and nitrogen as well as to other cryogenic liquids.  Basically for the designer but a close reading may yield some useful information to the person purchasing a storage vessel.

6.      CGA Pamphlet S-1.2 - Pressure Relief Device Standards Part 2 - Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases, Compressed Gas Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia.  Mandatory under paragraph 1574-2.9 of DOE Order 6430.1.A.  Applies to cargo tanks and portable tanks having a water capacity exceeding 454 kg.  A �portable tank� is one that is attached to a motor vehicle or other vehicle.

7.      CGA Pamphlet S-1.3 - Pressure Relief Device Standards Part 3 - Compressed Gas Storage Containers, Compressed Gas Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia.  Mandatory under paragraph 1574-2.9 of DOE Order 6430.1.A.  Applies to any permanently mounted storage container.  Applies to liquid helium and nitrogen as well as to other cryogenic liquids.  Basically for the designer but a close reading might provide useful information to the person purchasing a storage vessel.

8.      ASME - Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - Mandatory under DOE Order 5480.4.  Is also indicated as mandatory in DOE Order 6430.1.A.  The relevant portion of this document for cryogenic safety is Section VIII.  The identification of this code document in Order 5480.4 implies that it is applicable in all settings within the DOE system including the arena of experimental equipment design and construction.

9.      ASME B31.1 - Power Piping - Mandatory under paragraph 1574-2.8.1 of DOE Order 6430.1A for the design and inspection of welded joints.

       10.   ASME B31.3 - Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping - Mandatory under DOE Order 6430.1A for the design and inspection of welded joints.

2.2    Regulatory References for Other Cryogenic Liquids

1.      NFPA 50 - Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites - National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts.  These regulations are mandatory through DOE Order 5480.4.

2.      NFPA 50B - Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites  - National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts.  These regulations are mandatory through DOE Order 5480.4.

3.      CGA Pamphlet G-4.1 - Cleaning Equipment for Oxygen Service - compressed Gas Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia.  Mandatory under paragraph 1574-4.2 of DOE Order 6430.1A.

4.      NASA SP-3072 - ASRDI OXYGEN TECHNOLOGY SURVEY Volume II: Cleaning Requirements, Procedures, and Verification Techniques - Mandatory under paragraph 1574-4.2 of DOE Order 6430.1A.

5.      MIL-STD-1330C(SH) - Cleaning and Testing of Shipboard Oxygen, Nitrogen and Hydrogen Gas Piping Systems - Mandatory under paragraph 1574-4.2 of DOE Order 6430.1A.  This regulation refers to nitrogen only in the context of its use in the purging of oxygen and hydrogen lines and in the context of air separation oxygen-nitrogen plants.  It therefore seems irrelevant to the use of liquid nitrogen in the Physics Division.

6.      29 CFR 1910.103� - Liquefied Hydrogen Systems - Mandatory under DOE Order 5480.4.  An OSHA standard.

7.      29 CFR 1910.104 - Oxygen - Mandatory under DOE Order 5480.4.  An OSHA standard.

2.3    Technical References for Cryogenic Technology

1.      Technology of Liquid Helium, edited by R. H. Kropschot, B. W. Birmingham, and D. B. Mann, National Bureau of Standards Monograph 111 (1968).  -  A technical review which contains an extensive and thorough discussion of relief valve sizing for liquid helium vessels.

2.      Experimental Techniques in Low-temperature Physics, G. K. White, 3rd Edition, Clarenden Press, Oxford (1979).  -  A useful source book for the design of small experimental systems using liquid helium.

3.      Cryogenic Technology, edited by Robert W. Vance, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1963).  -  The chapter on heat transfer by J. A. Clark is clear and concise: a very good introduction.

4.      Roark�s Formulas for Stress and Strain, Warren C. Young, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1989).  -  A useful adjunct to Section VIII of the Pressure Vessel Code in evaluating safe working pressures for various structures.

5.      Heat Transfer at Low Temperatures, edited by Walter Frost, Plenum Press, New York (1975).  -  A comprehensive treatment.

6.      Selected Cryogenic Data Notebook, compiled and edited by J. E. Jensen, R. B. Stewart, and W. A. Tuttle, of the Bubble Chamber Group at Brookhaven National Laboratory (1962).  -  An invaluable compendium of the physical properties at low temperature for most commonly used materials and cryogens.

7.      Handbook on Materials for Superconducting Machinery, MCIC-HB-04, Metals and Ceramics Information Center, Batelle, Columbus Laboratories.  -  Exhaustive compilation of the mechanical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties of structural materials at cryogenic temperatures.

8.      Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe, by the Engineering Division of Crane Co., 104 N. Chicago St., Joliet, IL, Copyright 1969.