2.1 Regulatory References
1. DOE
6430.1A - General Design Criteria - This Order covers specific
requirements for cryogenic systems.
2. DOE
5481.1B - Safety Analysis and Review System - Makes no specific mention
of cryogenic systems, but this Order is mandatory for application to cryogenic
systems under the provisions of DOE Order 6430.1A, where, in paragraph 1574-5,
the following statement appears: �All cryogenic systems shall be
subjected to a safety review in accordance with DOE 5481.1B�.
3. DOE
5700.6C - Quality Assurance - Makes no specific mention of cryogenic
systems, but the DOE Order on Quality Assurance is mandatory for application to
cryogenic systems under the provisions of DOE Order 6430.1A, 1574-4.1.
4. CGA
Pamphlet P-1 - Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers,
Compressed Gas Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia. The
applicable portions of these regulations are mandatory for liquid helium and
nitrogen under paragraph 1574-3.1 of DOE Order 6430.1A. Written,
unquestionably, in support of the transportation industry, but contains
information of general applicability and within the scope of ATLAS
operations. Paragraph 1574-3.1 is clearly not intended to address
transportation issues, implying that this CGA pamphlet is to be applied in the
DOE setting irrespective of the role, if any, played by transportation in the
operations under consideration.
5. CGA
Pamphlet S-1.1 - Pressure Relief Device Standards Part 1 - Cylinders for
Compressed Gases, Compressed Gas Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia. Mandatory under paragraph 1574-2.9 of DOE Order 6430.1A. Applies to
storage vessels of circular cross section designed for pressures higher than 40
psia and having a capacity of 454 kg water or less. Applies to liquid
helium and nitrogen as well as to other cryogenic liquids. Basically
for the designer but a close reading may yield some useful information to the
person purchasing a storage vessel.
6. CGA
Pamphlet S-1.2 - Pressure Relief Device Standards Part 2 - Cargo and
Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases, Compressed Gas Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia. Mandatory under paragraph 1574-2.9 of DOE Order
6430.1.A. Applies to cargo tanks and portable tanks having a water
capacity exceeding 454 kg. A �portable tank� is one that is
attached to a motor vehicle or other vehicle.
7. CGA
Pamphlet S-1.3 - Pressure Relief Device Standards Part 3 - Compressed
Gas Storage Containers, Compressed Gas Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia. Mandatory under paragraph 1574-2.9 of DOE Order 6430.1.A.
Applies to any permanently mounted storage container. Applies to liquid
helium and nitrogen as well as to other cryogenic liquids. Basically
for the designer but a close reading might provide useful information to the
person purchasing a storage vessel.
8. ASME
- Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - Mandatory under DOE Order
5480.4. Is also indicated as mandatory in DOE Order 6430.1.A. The
relevant portion of this document for cryogenic safety is Section VIII.
The identification of this code document in Order 5480.4 implies that it is
applicable in all settings within the DOE system including the arena of
experimental equipment design and construction.
9. ASME
B31.1 - Power Piping - Mandatory under paragraph 1574-2.8.1 of DOE Order
6430.1A for the design and inspection of welded joints.
10. ASME
B31.3 - Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping - Mandatory under
DOE Order 6430.1A for the design and inspection of welded joints.
2.2 Regulatory
References for Other Cryogenic Liquids
1. NFPA
50 - Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites - National Fire
Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts. These
regulations are mandatory through DOE Order 5480.4.
2. NFPA
50B - Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites -
National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts. These regulations are mandatory through DOE Order 5480.4.
3. CGA
Pamphlet G-4.1 - Cleaning Equipment for Oxygen Service - compressed Gas
Association, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia. Mandatory under paragraph
1574-4.2 of DOE Order 6430.1A.
4. NASA
SP-3072 - ASRDI OXYGEN TECHNOLOGY SURVEY Volume II: Cleaning Requirements,
Procedures, and Verification Techniques - Mandatory under paragraph
1574-4.2 of DOE Order 6430.1A.
5. MIL-STD-1330C(SH)
- Cleaning and Testing of Shipboard Oxygen, Nitrogen and Hydrogen Gas Piping
Systems - Mandatory under paragraph 1574-4.2 of DOE Order 6430.1A.
This regulation refers to nitrogen only in the context of its use in the
purging of oxygen and hydrogen lines and in the context of air separation
oxygen-nitrogen plants. It therefore seems irrelevant to the use
of liquid nitrogen in the Physics Division.
6. 29
CFR 1910.103� - Liquefied Hydrogen Systems - Mandatory under DOE
Order 5480.4. An OSHA standard.
7. 29
CFR 1910.104 - Oxygen - Mandatory under DOE Order 5480.4. An OSHA
standard.
2.3 Technical
References for Cryogenic Technology
1. Technology
of Liquid Helium, edited by R. H. Kropschot, B. W. Birmingham, and D. B.
Mann, National Bureau of Standards Monograph 111 (1968). - A
technical review which contains an extensive and thorough discussion of relief
valve sizing for liquid helium vessels.
2. Experimental
Techniques in Low-temperature Physics, G. K. White, 3rd Edition,
Clarenden Press, Oxford (1979). - A useful source book for the
design of small experimental systems using liquid helium.
3. Cryogenic
Technology, edited by Robert W. Vance, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1963). - The chapter on heat transfer by J. A. Clark is clear
and concise: a very good introduction.
4. Roark�s
Formulas for Stress and Strain, Warren C. Young, 6th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1989). - A useful adjunct to
Section VIII of the Pressure Vessel Code in evaluating safe working pressures
for various structures.
5. Heat
Transfer at Low Temperatures, edited by Walter Frost, Plenum Press, New York (1975). - A comprehensive treatment.
6. Selected
Cryogenic Data Notebook, compiled and edited by J. E. Jensen, R. B.
Stewart, and W. A. Tuttle, of the Bubble Chamber Group at Brookhaven National
Laboratory (1962). - An invaluable compendium of the physical
properties at low temperature for most commonly used materials and cryogens.
7. Handbook
on Materials for Superconducting Machinery, MCIC-HB-04, Metals and Ceramics Information Center, Batelle, Columbus Laboratories. - Exhaustive
compilation of the mechanical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties of
structural materials at cryogenic temperatures.
8. Flow
of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe, by the Engineering Division
of Crane Co., 104 N. Chicago St., Joliet, IL, Copyright 1969.